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[Nonviolenza] La biblioteca di Zorobabele. 533
- Subject: [Nonviolenza] La biblioteca di Zorobabele. 533
- From: Centro di ricerca per la pace Centro di ricerca per la pace <centropacevt at gmail.com>
- Date: Wed, 10 Aug 2022 08:07:48 +0200
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LA BIBLIOTECA DI ZOROBABELE
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Segnalazioni librarie e letture nonviolente
a cura del "Centro di ricerca per la pace, i diritti umani e la difesa della biosfera" di Viterbo
Supplemento a "La nonviolenza e' in cammino" (anno XXIII)
Direttore responsabile: Peppe Sini. Redazione: strada S. Barbara 9/E, 01100 Viterbo, tel. 0761353532, e-mail: centropacevt at gmail.com
Numero 533 del 10 agosto 2022
In questo numero:
1. Nessun governo si sta opponendo alla guerra e alle stragi. Cosa attendono i popoli ad insorgere nonviolentemente per salvare tutte le vite?
2. Human Rights Council - Working Group on Arbitrary Detention: Opinion No. 7/2022 concerning Leonard Peltier (United States of America) (parte prima)
1. L'ORA. NESSUN GOVERNO SI STA OPPONENDO ALLA GUERRA E ALLE STRAGI. COSA ATTENDONO I POPOLI AD INSORGERE NONVIOLENTEMENTE PER SALVARE TUTTE LE VITE?
Ogni giorno la guerra uccide esseri umani inermi e innocenti.
Ogni giorno cresce il rischio di un conflitto nucleare che puo' sterminare l'umanita' intera.
Non c'e' un solo governo che si stia realemnte impegnando per far cessare la guerra e le stragi di cui essa consiste, per abolire gli eserciti e le armi.
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Non ci si lasci paralizzare dall'orrore.
Si insorga nonviolentemente per contrastare la guerra, gli eserciti, le armi.
Si insorga nonviolentemente per salvare tutte le vite.
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Ogni vittima ha il volto di Abele.
Ogni essere umano ha diritto alla vita, alla dignita', alla solidarieta'.
Salvare le vite e' il primo dovere.
2. REPETITA IUVANT. HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL - WORKING GROUP ON ARBITRARY DETENTION: OPINION NO. 7/2022 CONCERNING LEONARD PELTIER (UNITED STATES OF AMERICA) (PARTE PRIMA)
[Dal sito dell'Alto Commissariato delle Nazioni Unite per i diritti umani (www.ohchr.org) riproponiamo questo importante documento]
A/HRC/WGAD/2022/7
Advance Edited Version Distr.: General
7 June 2022
Original: English
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Human Rights Council
Working Group on Arbitrary Detention
Opinions adopted by the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention at its ninety-third session, 30 March–8 April 2022
Opinion No. 7/2022 concerning Leonard Peltier (United States of America)
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1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention was established in resolution 1991/42 of the Commission on Human Rights. In its resolution 1997/50, the Commission extended and clarified the mandate of the Working Group. Pursuant to General Assembly resolution 60/251 and Human Rights Council decision 1/102, the Council assumed the mandate of the Commission. The Council most recently extended the mandate of the Working Group for a three-year period in its resolution 42/22.
2. In accordance with its methods of work (1), on 10 December 2021 the Working Group transmitted to the Government of the United States of America a communication concerning Leonard Peltier. The Government replied to the communication on 11 February 2022. The State is a party to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
3. The Working Group regards deprivation of liberty as arbitrary in the following cases:
(a) When it is clearly impossible to invoke any legal basis justifying the deprivation of liberty (as when a person is kept in detention after the completion of his or her sentence or despite an amnesty law applicable to him or her) (category I);
(b) When the deprivation of liberty results from the exercise of the rights or freedoms guaranteed by articles 7, 13, 14, 18, 19, 20 and 21 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and, insofar as States parties are concerned, by articles 12, 18, 19, 21, 22, 25, 26 and 27 of the Covenant (category II);
(c) When the total or partial non-observance of the international norms relating to the right to a fair trial, established in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in the relevant international instruments accepted by the States concerned, is of such gravity as to give the deprivation of liberty an arbitrary character (category III);
(d) When asylum seekers, immigrants or refugees are subjected to prolonged administrative custody without the possibility of administrative or judicial review or remedy (category IV);
(e) When the deprivation of liberty constitutes a violation of international law on the grounds of discrimination based on birth, national, ethnic or social origin, language, religion, economic condition, political or other opinion, gender, sexual orientation, disability, or any other status, that aims towards or can result in ignoring the equality of human beings (category V).
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Submissions
Communication from the source
4. Leonard Peltier is a citizen of the United States and an indigenous activist. He is a member of the Chippewa and Lakota Nations. Mr. Peltier was arrested on 6 February 1976,
at the age of 32, in Alberta, Canada and extradited to the United States to face murder charges. He was convicted and received two consecutive sentences of life imprisonment. At the time of the petition, Mr. Peltier was 75 years old and had been imprisoned for 44 years, originally based on a murder conviction. The source reports that he has been continually denied parole on the basis of unproven allegations of aiding and abetting. He is currently detained at United States Penitentiary Coleman I in Florida.
5. Mr. Peltier suffers from multiple serious health conditions that have not been and cannot be appropriately treated in prison. These include kidney disease, a heart condition, diabetes, high blood pressure, bone spurs, a degenerative joint disease, shortness of breath and dizziness, painful injuries to his jaw and near blindness in one eye due to a stroke. Several of these conditions put Mr. Peltier at high risk of death from coronavirus disease (COVID19) while detained.
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a. Background
6. According to the source, at the age of 9, United States government agents forcibly took Mr. Peltier from his grandmother to a boarding school run by non-Native Americans in order to strip him of his connection to his culture. At the school, he was beaten and forbidden to speak his indigenous language or talk to his younger sister and cousin. After leaving school, Mr. Peltier worked as a mechanic and provided addiction counselling to Native Americans.
7. Mr. Peltier was reportedly a member of the American Indian Movement, an organization founded in the late 1960s to foster a renewal of spirituality of indigenous people in the Americas, to create opportunities for indigenous people and build their selfdetermination, to combat injustices and to use the judicial system to protect the rights of indigenous peoples. At the time of the 1975 events in South Dakota that led to Mr. Peltier's conviction, the Movement was in conflict with the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation.
8. The Working Group was informed through a petition submitted on behalf of Mr. Peltier in 2004 of the events surrounding his trial for the murder of two Federal Bureau of Investigation agents on the Pine Ridge Reservation (2). Mr. Peltier's case was allegedly tainted by government misconduct when he was extradited from Canada on the basis of false affidavits obtained through coercion of an indigenous woman, who was not present in the area of the crime. Mr. Peltier's trial was originally to be overseen by the same judge who presided over an earlier trial that resulted in the acquittal of his co-defendants. However, his case was moved, at the Government's request, to a judge who had previously presided over a criminal trial that was overturned as a result of his use of anti-indigenous stereotypes in his instructions to the jury (3). The source claims that Mr. Peltier was convicted of murder after the judge excluded evidence of coercion of witnesses on the part of the Federal Bureau of Investigation and on the basis of evidence that was later discovered to have been manufactured. A ballistics report that the appeal judge found to be among the strongest evidence of Mr. Peltier's guilt was later found to be false through Freedom of Information Act litigation.
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b. New facts
9. Although the Working Group held in 2005 that the problems with Mr. Peltier's trial and his unusually long sentence were insufficient to show that his detention was arbitrary, in the 17 years since that opinion, more information has come to light regarding the pattern of procedural and substantive injustice that Mr. Peltier has experienced.
10. Mr. Peltier's detention has been prolonged by parole officials who have departed from guidelines and failed to follow regulations pertaining to his parole proceedings. This, in addition to the influence of the Federal Bureau of Investigation over the case, is the reason why he remains in detention during the COVID-19 pandemic, which is a threat to his life.
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c. United States Parole Commission
11. At the time of Mr. Peltier's sentencing in 1977, all federal prisoners were eligible for parole after serving a maximum of 10 years, and actual release dates were managed largely by the Parole Commission. In the late 1970s, about 70 per cent of release dates were set by the Parole Commission on a discretionary basis during incarceration, rather than determined at sentencing. Although Mr. Peltier was initially given two life sentences by the court, his eligibility for parole in the context of correctional practices at that time warranted the expectation that an actual release date would be set at some point. In 1985, a year before Mr. Peltier was eligible for parole, the average time served by federal prisoners released on parole after being sentenced to life imprisonment was 8.8 years.
12. In 1984, the United States Sentencing Reform Act changed the way sentencing functioned at the federal level and abolished parole for anyone sentenced in the federal system after 1984. The sentencing model in which actual time served was often decided by the Parole Commission rather than the sentencing court was abandoned in favour of fixed prison terms. The Act established a five-year transition period. At the end of the transition period in 1990, the Judicial Improvements Act extended the life of the Parole Commission until 1997 for the primary purpose of continuing to oversee parole consideration for convictions prior to the implementation of the Act. The Commission has since been renewed several times, and it is still active for that specific purpose.
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d. Denial of consideration for release and due process rights
13. Since the beginning of his sentence, Mr. Peltier has suffered a series of violations of the due process rights guaranteed to prisoners seeking parole under United States law. In 1977, the Parole Commission implemented a procedure requiring that prisoners with no minimum sentence be informed of their "presumptive parole" release date. However, Mr. Peltier was never informed of his presumptive parole date, as required.
14. In 1981, the Parole Commission updated its mechanism for evaluating prisoners for parole, but Mr. Peltier was not evaluated according to the new standard. This generated uncertainty about his release date, which would have been clarified if the appropriate protocols had been followed.
15. In 1984, when the United States Sentencing Reform Act was implemented, Mr. Peltier was one of the prisoners who, by law, should have received a release date during the fiveyear transition period. This release date would have been approximately in 1992. However, to date, Mr. Peltier has not been given a release date.
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e. Parole Commission excluded and contradicted facts
16. According to the source, Mr. Peltier has had two full parole hearings and four interim hearings. At none of these hearings did the Parole Commission substantively review the suitability of his confinement. At each hearing, the Parole Commission denied Mr. Peltier's parole, either without considering the full trial record or based on facts contradicted by it.
17. Mr. Peltier became eligible for parole on 21 December 1986, but his first full parole hearing was not held until 14 December 1993. At that hearing, the Parole Commission stated that his aggregate guideline range for release on parole was 188+ months. Even though Mr. Peltier had already served significantly more than 188 months, the Commission ordered that he remain in prison for at least 15 more years until a reconsideration hearing in 2008. That next hearing would be after 394 months of imprisonment, more than double the parole guideline.
18. The Commission's 1993 decision to deny parole was made on the recommendation of a parole hearing examiner who did not have full access to the facts of the case. The examiner recommended denying parole because Mr. Peltier had "committed murders". However, at the time, he was not aware that the Government had previously conceded that it could not prove that Mr. Peltier was the person who had killed the Federal Bureau of Investigation agents. The prosecutors had acknowledged in 1978 that they did not know who specifically fired the killing shots, and the facts did not directly indicate the person responsible for the killing.
19. In 1995, during Mr. Peltier's interim parole hearing, his lawyer provided the parole hearing examiner with access to additional information about misconduct and fabrication of evidence on the part of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, revealed on appeal and through Freedom of Information Act litigation. As a result, the parole hearing examiner retracted his previous recommendation, noting that the evidence did not prove that Mr. Peltier had "fired the fatal bullets into the agents" and, in particular, that on appeal, the prosecution "had acknowledged that the Government does not know insofar as having evidence to sustain the conviction in court" that Mr. Peltier murdered the officers. As a result, he concluded that Mr. Peltier's incarceration was unfounded and could not proceed without being "independently supported by a preponderance of the evidence" finding that Mr. Peltier had committed the murders.
20. In response to this recommendation, the Parole Commission appointed a second hearing officer, who had not been present at Mr. Peltier's interim hearing, to review the matter. Contradicting the previous findings, the second hearing officer recommended upholding the 15-year reconsideration period. The Commission ignored the previous conclusions and instead accepted the recommendation of the second officer, denying parole.
21. According to the source, it later emerged that the first parole hearing examiner had been demoted after submitting his recommendation, in retaliation for putting forward a favourable parole decision for Mr. Peltier.
22. Mr. Peltier had three other interim hearings between his first full hearing in 1993 and his second full hearing in 2009. He was denied parole at all three hearings. At the interim hearing held on 12 June 2000, the examiner did not even read or examine arguments from Mr. Peltier's lawyers, including a report from a physician documenting his health risks. The examiner wrote the recommendation to deny parole before the hearing was concluded, in violation of the Parole Commission's stated protocols (4).
23. According to the source, before Mr. Peltier's second full parole hearing on 28 July 2009, his lawyer informed him that the Government had said that it would not oppose the motion for parole. In addition, a representative of the Parole Commission had told Mr. Peltier before the hearing that if his medical conditions – already severe by that time – persisted, he would be considered a suitable candidate for parole. At the hearing, however, the Government opposed parole. Despite Mr. Peltier's serious medical problems, the Commission again denied him parole. The explanation offered by the Commission for this denial in 2009 differed from that given in 1993. In 1993, the Commission had adopted the rationale that release could not be granted because Mr. Peltier had "committed murders". In 2009, the Commission instead used language that was consistent with a theory of aiding and abetting, alleging that Mr. Peltier had been involved in the killings, rather than having committed them himself. An appeal by Mr. Peltier in February 2010 was denied on similar grounds.
24. The source highlights the fact that Mr. Peltier was never convicted of aiding and abetting the murders. Under United States law, aiding and abetting is a separate offence, with separate elements that must be proven to a jury beyond reasonable doubt. The jury did not find Mr. Peltier guilty of aiding and abetting. Instead, the jury convicted Mr. Peltier of firstdegree murder, the very crime the Government has since admitted Mr. Peltier cannot be proven to have committed. The Commission's recommendation in 2009 that Mr. Peltier remain incarcerated for another 15 years was based on claims inconsistent with his actual conviction.
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f. Parole Commission's reasons for denial
25. The source claims that the Parole Commission has acted in violation of its procedures by focusing solely on past convictions, rather than on institutional behaviour. The continued reliance on an unchanging factor, namely, the circumstance of the offence and conduct prior to imprisonment, could result in a due process violation (5). For the Parole Commission to deny parole release solely because of the violent nature of the offences would constitute such a violation of due process (6). Nevertheless, although Mr. Peltier's conduct during incarceration has been exemplary for more than four decades, the Parole Commission has repeatedly cited Mr. Peltier's convictions as the sole reason for denying parole.
26. According to the source, despite having suffered physical abuse and conditions that amount to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment and may amount to torture, Mr. Peltier's record during incarceration has been exemplary. The source estimates that, cumulatively, Mr. Peltier has spent more than five years in solitary confinement. The source adds that prolonged solitary confinement constitutes torture. In addition, Mr. Peltier has been deprived of medical care and physically endangered by the violent actions of other prisoners. He was the target of an attempted assassination plot in 1979. In or around 2009, Mr. Peltier was beaten by other prisoners. Mr. Peltier is kept in an extreme form of lockdown, where he is isolated in his cell 24 hours a day, apart from three one-hour periods each week to make telephone calls and to shower. He is needlessly exposed to conditions that threaten his health and life.
27. The source notes that Mr. Peltier has shown over more than a decade that his commitment to positive institutional behaviour is longstanding and unimpeachable. The Bureau of Prisons has entered three charges against him over four decades of incarceration. All three charges were either for actions taken by Mr. Peltier in self-defence or were erroneously levied against him. Mr. Peltier's disciplinary history demonstrates exceptional strength, grace and courage in the face of extraordinarily challenging and destructive circumstances.
28. Mr. Peltier has focused his energy on art and charitable work, including mentoring Native American youth vulnerable to addiction and suicide, donating art to raise funds for his own communities, and helping start programmes to support Native American health, culture and entrepreneurship. Mr. Peltier has been honoured with international awards for his humanitarian work. Human rights advocates, including a former United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, have supported his release (7).
29. In each of its decisions, the Parole Commission ignored Mr. Peltier's institutional behaviour and medical need in favour of continued reliance on his past convictions. In 2009, the examiner for Mr. Peltier's most recent parole hearing stated that the seriousness of the offences far outweighed his age or medical conditions. The final decision adopted by the Parole Commission cited the original murder conviction and did not mention more recent behaviour.
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g. Anti-Native American bias
30. The source claims that Mr. Peltier has repeatedly been subjected to anti-Native American bias throughout the parole process. For example, the Parole Commission's 1995 interim decision mischaracterized and minimized the extrajudicial killings of more than 60 indigenous people on the Pine Ridge Reservation between 1973 and June 1975, the vast majority of whom were civilians who were not involved in conflict, by referring to these deaths as a conflict between law enforcement and Native American "militants".
31. At the interim hearing in May 1998, the examiner also displayed anti-Native American bias. The examiner's statements suggested that, although he was not convinced that Mr. Peltier had killed the officers, he felt it was warranted to continue to detain Mr. Peltier because the actual killer appeared to have been someone from his Nation. The source notes that the examiner indicated that he intended to punish Mr. Peltier for actions committed by an unknown person because the killer appeared to have been part of his indigenous group.
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h. Federal Bureau of Investigation influence
32. The source alleges that the Federal Bureau of Investigation targeted Mr. Peltier for his political activism relating to indigenous rights before he was incarcerated and has since continued to exert influence over his case. The interventions in Mr. Peltier's case reflect the agency's history of targeting political dissident groups, particularly those from racial minorities and indigenous communities.
33. Prior to his arrest, Mr. Peltier was an activist with the American Indian Movement. In 1973, the Federal Bureau of Investigation began surveilling and working to infiltrate the Movement to investigate its purported extremist activity. Bureau communications from that time refer to efforts to cultivate informants within the Movement chapters and surveillance of the activities of individual Movement members. From covert surveillance, the Bureau escalated its activities to physical threats. A Bureau memorandum from April 1975 showed that it was preparing to engage in armed confrontation with the Movement.
34. According to the source, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, in a memorandum dated 9 August 1974 – nearly a year prior to the shoot-out – deemed Mr. Peltier to be an American Indian Movement manager. Mr. Peltier was subsequently harassed multiple times by Bureau agents. At the time of Mr. Peltier's trial, the Government dropped charges against his codefendant so that the full prosecutorial weight of the Federal Government could be directed against Mr. Peltier.
35. On 16 December 2000, around 500 Federal Bureau of Investigation agents marched near the White House after it became clear that President Clinton was considering granting clemency to Mr. Peltier. The source states that Bureau agents had never made such a public and virulent display against the potential release of a prisoner. The protesters delivered a petition to the White House with the signatures of more than 8,000 current and former Bureau agents.
36. In 2016, when President Obama considered granting clemency to Mr. Peltier, the Federal Bureau of Investigation Agents Association posted a letter opposing his release. The letter stated that Mr. Peltier was not remorseful and that there was no question that he had committed the murders of Bureau agents. Aware of the impact of the Bureau's intense opposition, Mr. Peltier's legal team attempted to meet with the then Bureau Director to discuss the clemency petition, but the Bureau responded that it stood by Mr. Peltier's conviction. In 2017, following the presidential decision to deny clemency to Mr. Peltier, the Bureau released a press statement labelling Mr. Peltier as an unremorseful, cold-blooded killer.
37. The source adds that the Federal Bureau of Investigation has actively opposed Mr. Peltier's parole applications. Bureau agents have testified against Mr. Peltier at multiple parole hearings, despite having no apparent connection to the crime. The Bureau is further implicated in attempts to influence Mr. Peltier's case though a website entitled No Parole Peltier, a platform for opponents of Mr. Peltier created by a Bureau Special Agent in April 2000, when he was still an active Bureau member. The persons operating the site respond to publications by the Leonard Peltier Defense Committee and seek to rebut allegations of Bureau misconduct associated with Mr. Peltier's trial.
38. According to the source, when the Washington State Department of Labor and Industries displayed paintings by Mr. Peltier at a 2015 Native American heritage month exhibition, former Federal Bureau of Investigation agents wrote to the Department criticizing the inclusion of his work. The Department removed Mr. Peltier's paintings from the exhibition two weeks earlier than originally planned. A court later found that Mr. Peltier's artwork had been improperly removed in response to pressure from the former Bureau agents and that there had been no compelling government interest for the removal of the paintings.
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i. Legal analysis
39. The source submits that Mr. Peltier's detention is arbitrary under categories I and III. Even if a detention was lawful at its inception, it can become unlawful once the individual has completed serving the sentence or when the circumstances that justified the detention have changed (8). This is the case with Mr. Peltier's detention. Although the Working Group did not find that Mr. Peltier's detention was arbitrary in 2005, the circumstances have changed and the continued deprivation of his liberty 17 years later has now become arbitrary.
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1. Category I: No basis for detention
40. The source claims that the continued detention of Mr. Peltier is arbitrary because the Government cannot invoke any legal basis justifying its continued deprivation of his liberty. Mr. Peltier's detention meets this criterion for three reasons: (a) the time Mr. Peltier has served is vastly disproportionate to the sentences normally imposed for the crime of which he was convicted; (b) his detention is indefinite; and (c) there is no legitimate purpose for his detention.
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Prolonged sentence
41. According to the source, Mr. Peltier's detention is arbitrary because it is prolonged. He has been made to serve a sentence five times longer than that served by others convicted of similar crimes. In 1976, the Federal Government set parole eligibility for persons sentenced to life imprisonment at 10 years, with reductions in time possible for good behaviour. In 1985, even individuals given life sentences after being convicted of murder by federal courts were released on parole after an average of 8.8 years. By these standards, Mr. Peltier, who was sentenced to two consecutive life sentences in 1977, should have served, at most, 17.6 years. Instead, he has been incarcerated for more than 40 years, the equivalent of almost five times the length of a prison sentence normally served by those given a life sentence.
42. Even by the more punitive standards of today, the length of Mr. Peltier's detention is out of proportion. In 2015, individuals sentenced by United States federal courts to life imprisonment for murder served an average of 27.4 years before being paroled. Mr. Peltier has been in prison for almost half a century.
43. In its 2016 visit to the United States, the Working Group identified disproportionate sentencing as one of the key sources of arbitrary detention (9). Mr. Peltier's case is an example of this systemic problem in the United States criminal justice system.
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Indefinite detention
44. The source claims that Mr. Peltier's detention is arbitrary because it is indefinite. It is indefinite because, even though the Government has admitted that it cannot prove that Mr. Peltier committed the murders for which he was incarcerated, the Parole Commission has repeatedly denied Mr. Peltier's requests for parole and the Government has failed to order his release. Instead, the Parole Commission has continued to hold Mr. Peltier on the alternate theory that he aided and abetted the murders, despite the fact that Mr. Peltier was never found guilty at trial of aiding and abetting a murder. Such a finding would have violated the United States extradition treaty with Canada, which requires that the crime with which a person is charged in the United States be the crime upon which that person was extradited.
45. According to the source, the fact that the Bureau of Prisons now continues to deny Mr. Peltier parole on the basis that he may have aided and abetted the murders amounts to incarcerating Mr. Peltier for a crime for which he has never been found guilty in a court. Detaining a person without a trial is the very definition of indefinite detention. Continuing to detain Mr. Peltier violates article 9 of the Covenant. Such indefiniteness in itself renders Mr. Peltier's detention arbitrary and raises further doubt as to whether his trial was fair in the first instance.
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No legitimate purpose for continued detention
46. The source claims that Mr. Peltier's detention is arbitrary because his detention serves no legitimate purpose. Under guideline 15 of the United Nations Basic Principles and Guidelines on Remedies and Procedures on the Right of Anyone Deprived of Their Liberty to Bring Proceedings Before a Court (10), a reviewing court should consider whether a detained person's changed circumstances, including changes in health, justify continued detention. The Working Group has held on a previous occasion that there is no legitimate reason to detain an elderly and unwell man who poses no threat to others (11).
47. At the time of the petition, Mr. Peltier was 75 years old and in poor health. He has a large and potentially fatal aortic aneurysm that could burst at any time, instantly killing him. Mr. Peltier's next reconsideration hearing will not be held until 2024. At that point, Mr. Peltier will be almost 80 years old, if he lives that long. Mr. Peltier poses no threat to anyone. There is no legitimate purpose for the Government to continue his detention. Doing so despite the lack of a legitimate purpose amounts to arbitrary detention under category I.
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2. Category III: Procedural deficiencies
48. The source recalls that, even when no individual defect considered alone would render a detention arbitrary, a number of defects can cumulatively indicate that detention is indeed arbitrary (12). The present case is such a case. The cumulative effect of the procedural deficiencies that Mr. Peltier has suffered in parole proceedings are overwhelming, rendering his continued detention arbitrary.
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Right to due process in parole proceedings
49. The source notes that the right to due process is applicable in parole proceedings. Mr. Peltier's due process rights have been violated both because the Parole Commission itself is not under the control of a judicial authority, in contravention of principle 4 of the Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment, and because the parole proceedings in Mr. Peltier's case have been unreasonable and lacking in transparency.
50. Under principle 4 of the Body of Principles, any form of detention "shall be ordered by, or be subject to the effective control of, a judicial or other authority". For the purposes of the Body of Principles, a "judicial or other authority" means "a judicial or other authority under the law whose status and tenure should afford the strongest possible guarantees of competence, impartiality and independence". The Government has recognized that the Parole Commission does not meet this standard. The rationale for passing the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984, which eliminated the role of the Parole Commission in all cases tried after 1984, was in large part to remedy the arbitrary and unfair outcomes that the Parole Commission had generated. Nevertheless, Mr. Peltier remains subject to the control of the Parole Commission, and no judicial body supervises the Commission's decisions.
51. Furthermore, the Commission's proceedings in the present case have been unreasonable, highly subjective and lacking in transparency, in violation of Mr. Peltier's due process rights. Due process requires that the Parole Commission make its decision on the basis of new, individualized determinations at each hearing, particularly focusing on contemporary circumstances, including the petitioner's conduct while incarcerated. The Commission's protocols require that the examiner refrain from predetermining the outcome of a hearing, requiring decisions to be made only at the conclusion of the hearing.
52. In Mr. Peltier's case, the Commission has deviated from these procedural requirements. Mr. Peltier has accomplished substantial charitable and advocacy work while incarcerated. Nothing in his conduct suggests that continued detention is warranted. Nonetheless, the Parole Commission has voted repeatedly to continue Mr. Peltier's detention, basing its decision on factors unrelated to his conduct while incarcerated. On at least one occasion, an examiner reached a decision before fully considering the evidence in Mr. Peltier's favour, suggesting an unlawful, automatic predetermination of the Commission's decision. The Commission's decision to remove an examiner from his post after his recommendation that Mr. Peltier be released was unreasonable and lacking in transparency.
53. When considered cumulatively, the individual elements of the Commission's conduct violate article 9 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and article 9 of the Covenant (13). Mr. Peltier's ongoing detention should therefore be regarded as arbitrary under category III.
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Freedom from torture and ill-treatment
54. The source claims that the authorities have violated Mr. Peltier's right to be free from torture and ill-treatment. Despite the Government's legal obligation to prevent torture within its jurisdiction, Bureau of Prisons officials have nonetheless condoned torturing Mr. Peltier, both through the use of solitary confinement and by withholding necessary medical care.
55. The authorities have repeatedly held Mr. Peltier in solitary confinement in a cell with no air conditioning and without adequate ventilation. In 2011, the authorities ordered Mr. Peltier to spend six months in solitary confinement. During this time, he spent 23 hours a day in his cell, for five days a week, and he spent all 24 hours of the day in his cell twice a week. Since COVID-19 began spreading in federal prisons, Mr. Peltier has again been placed in solitary confinement, repeatedly spending up to 14 days at a time isolated in his cell. By limiting Mr. Peltier's isolation to 14-day stretches, the Bureau of Prisons avoids exceeding the 15-day limit on solitary confinement. Nevertheless, these periods of solitary confinement, in combination, inflict the psychological damage that the 15-day limit is meant to prevent. Shorter uses of solitary confinement, particularly when used repeatedly, can still amount to torture.
56. Although the Bureau of Prisons claims that solitary confinement is necessary to prevent the spread of COVID-19, health experts have warned that it can weaken immune systems, which may render those placed in solitary confinement more likely to contract and die of COVID-19 when they are released from isolation. Fear of being placed in isolation may also deter people from reporting symptoms, leading to further transmission and worse health outcomes for those who try to hide their infection. The World Health Organization and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights released a joint statement noting that the isolation of prisoners in response to COVID-19 should be imposed only as a last resort if no alternative protective measures can be taken. In no case should quarantine or medical isolation result in de facto solitary confinement (14). The Bureau of Prisons has violated these standards, moving prisoners into isolation before exhausting other options and forcing prisoners to isolate individually instead of in groups, resulting in de facto and unwarranted solitary confinement.
57. Withholding necessary and proper care can contribute to a finding of ill-treatment or torture. The Bureau of Prisons withheld care from Mr. Peltier by failing to ensure that he had access to surgery for his aortic aneurysm and by failing to take adequate steps to protect him from the threat of COVID-19. Mr. Peltier is particularly vulnerable to COVID-19 given his advanced age and multiple pre-existing medical conditions. Withholding appropriate medical care constitutes a violation of his right to be free from cruel treatment and torture.
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Response from the Government
58. On 10 December 2021, the Working Group transmitted the source's allegations to the Government under its regular communication procedure, requesting it to provide detailed information by 8 February 2022 about the situation of Mr. Peltier. The Working Group requested the Government to clarify the provisions justifying his continued detention, as well as its compatibility with international human rights law.
59. On 8 February 2022, the Government requested an extension of the deadline for its response. The extension was granted, with a new deadline of 11 February 2022. The Government submitted its response on 11 February 2022.
60. The Government notes that the Working Group previously assessed Mr. Peltier's claim of arbitrary detention in 2005 and rejected it, reasoning that Mr. Peltier "was given an opportunity to raise all the complaints listed... before the national appellate courts, which, in well-reasoned decisions, dismissed them" (15). Indeed, more than a dozen federal judges have reviewed his numerous challenges (all made with the assistance of legal counsel) to his conviction and denials of parole and have rejected them, repeatedly determining that Mr. Peltier received a fair trial. The record more than supports the jury's verdict that he murdered two Federal Bureau of Investigation Special Agents (16). Even though the federal courts have specifically rejected most of the source's allegations, the Government underscores several facts.
61. First, Mr. Peltier was convicted by strong evidence of first-degree murder. The source's allegations repeatedly state that Mr. Peltier was never convicted of aiding and abetting. However, aiding and abetting is not a stand-alone crime. Mr. Peltier was convicted of first-degree murder (either by personally committing the murders or by aiding and abetting their commission). As every court that has reviewed the present case has determined, the two Federal Bureau of Investigation Special Agents were wounded in a gun battle and then murdered at point-blank range with an AR-15 firearm linked to Mr. Peltier by eyewitness testimony and ballistic analysis.
62. The Government recalls that "no witness testified that anyone other than Peltier was seen firing an AR-15 at the agents' cars, or that anyone other than Peltier was seen by the agents' cars with an AR-15" (17). In addition, witnesses at trial placed Mr. Peltier at the crime scene. With that and the volume of other strong evidence, the United States presented the first-degree murder case to the jury on two alternate theories: (a) Mr. Peltier personally murdered the two Federal Bureau of Investigation Special Agents; or (b) Mr. Peltier aided and abetted the murders by handing over his AR-15 firearm to another person who pulled the trigger on Mr. Peltier's AR-15.18 That theory of guilt has never changed. The United States has always maintained that Mr. Peltier is guilty of first-degree murder either by personally committing the murder or murders or by aiding and abetting their commission (19).
63. Second, the Government emphasizes that the Parole Commission has not violated Mr. Peltier's rights by denying parole. Mr. Peltier was sentenced seven years before the United States Congress abolished parole in 1984 for all federal inmates. He is one of the very few federal inmates who is eligible for parole hearings. Mr. Peltier has had several full and interim parole hearings and was represented by a lawyer at all of them (legal representation is not mandated by law). At all of his parole hearings, the Parole Commission applied federal parole standards established by statute and regulation. Mr. Peltier's most recent parole hearing was in July 2009, and he was eligible for an interim parole hearing in July 2011. He may apply at any time for reconsideration and will then be scheduled for a hearing.
64. The source asserts that Mr. Peltier's conduct in prison has been exemplary, failing to mention that two years after sentencing, he escaped from prison. He and his fellow escapees fired shots at prison staff in the course of their breakout. While a fugitive, Mr. Peltier reportedly committed armed robbery (20). Based on the seriousness of his crime, in murdering two federal agents and then escaping from prison by firing shots at prison staff, it strains credulity for Mr. Peltier to claim that his incarceration is arbitrary or unprecedented.
65. Mr. Peltier is presently designated to the Coleman Federal Correctional Complex, United States Penitentiary-I. He is not in solitary confinement. He is currently housed in general population in A-Unit. He has been housed in general population since 20 December 2018. The last time he was in the Special Housing Unit was from 10 to 11 May 2018. Due to incidents involving the safety and security of the institution, it has been necessary for Penitentiary-I to be placed on lockdown at various times. During lockdowns, medical staff make rounds twice a day to conduct pill line, administer insulin and address any medical concerns. The Unit Team makes rounds daily and the Unit Officer makes rounds every 30 minutes. Should Mr. Peltier have any concerns, medical or otherwise, he has multiple opportunities to raise them with a variety of staff members on a daily basis.
66. The medical care provided at Penitentiary-I is commensurate with Mr. Peltier's medical conditions and is consistent with current standards of care. Penitentiary-I is accredited by The Joint Commission, an independent organization that provides health-care accreditation to more than 22,000 health-care entities. The Bureau of Prisons advises that Mr. Peltier continues to receive appropriate medical care to address his medical conditions. The Government is unable to disclose more detailed information due to privacy concerns, unless Mr. Peltier gives his written consent for it to do so.
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Additional comments from the source
67. The source asserts that the Government has not contested several assertions, including Mr. Peltier's medical conditions, the alleged violations of Mr. Peltier's due process rights by the Parole Commission or the Federal Bureau of Investigation's ongoing influence in his case. Furthermore, the Government does not dispute that Mr. Peltier has engaged in charitable work during his incarceration and that the Parole Commission has repeatedly refused to release him purely on the basis of criminal convictions from 45 years ago.
68. Mr. Peltier is not receiving adequate medical care. He tested positive for COVID-19 in January 2022 and remains at heightened risk of death owing to complications caused by the virus. The Government claims that his medical care is consistent with current standards of care, without referring to the source of those standards.
69. The Government's argument that the Parole Commission applied federal parole standards is inconsistent with the due process violations during Mr. Peltier's parole hearings. In addition, the Government does not respond to the argument that there is no judicial body that supervises the Commission. While the Government states that Mr. Peltier is one of the few federal inmates eligible for parole hearings, federal inmates sentenced after Congress abolished parole are eligible for supervised release. Supervised release is controlled by the federal district courts and is more protective of due process rights. Furthermore, there is no significance to Mr. Peltier being legally represented at his parole hearings when the examiner at his interim hearing in 2000 did not examine arguments from his lawyers. Lastly, one of the prosecutors recently explained that the prosecution theory changed at least three times during Mr. Peltier's trial and appeal (21).
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Note
1 A/HRC/36/38.
2 Mr. Peltier's case was considered in opinion No. 15/2005 (E/CN.4/2006/7/Add.1).
3 United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, United States v. Lavallie, 666 F.2d 1217, 18 December 1981.
4 The Parole Commission requires decisions to be made "at the conclusion of the hearing".
5 United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, Biggs v. Terhune, 334 F.3d 910, 30 June 2003.
6 United States District Court, Eastern District Of New York, Graziano v. Pataki, Lexis 52556, 17 July 2006.
7 Mary Robinson, President, The Mary Robinson Foundation – Climate Justice, "Clemency Petition of Leonard Peltier", letter to the President of the United States, Barack Obama, 12 July 2016.
8 See, e.g., Rameka et al. v. New Zealand (CCPR/C/79/D/1090/2002).
9 A/HRC/36/37/Add.2, paras. 50, 60–61 and 88.
10 A/HRC/30/37, annex.
11 Opinion No. 7/2017, paras. 44–45.
12 Opinion No. 34/2000 (E/CN.4/2002/77/Add.1), para. 23.
13 Opinions No. 33/1999 and No. 34/1999 (E/CN.4/2001/14/Add.1).
14 See https://interagencystandingcommittee.org/system/files/2020-11/IASC%20Interim%20Guidance%20on%20COVID-19%20-%20Focus%20on%20Persons%20Deprived%20of%20Their%20Liberty_0.pdf.
15 Opinion No. 15/2005, para. 10.
16 United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, United States v. Peltier, 585 F.2d 314, 14 September 1978 (finding that the evidence of Mr. Peltier's guilt was "strong"); United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit, Peltier v. Booker, 348 F.3d 888, 4 November 2003 (considering the history of Federal Court review of Mr. Peltier's conviction and denials of parole); and United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, Peltier v. Federal Bureau of Investigation, 563 F.3d 754, 29 April 2009.
17 United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, United States v. Peltier, 800 F.2d 772, 11 September 1986.
18 Peltier v. Federal Bureau of Investigation, 563 F.3d.
19 United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, Peltier v. Henman, 997 F.2d; and Peltier v. Booker, 348 F.3d.
20 Peltier v. Booker, 348 F.3d, 889–890.
21 See Jonathan P. Baird, "It's time to release Leonard Peltier" Concord Monitor, 20 December 2021.
(Segue)
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LA BIBLIOTECA DI ZOROBABELE
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Segnalazioni librarie e letture nonviolente
a cura del "Centro di ricerca per la pace, i diritti umani e la difesa della biosfera" di Viterbo
Supplemento a "La nonviolenza e' in cammino" (anno XXIII)
Direttore responsabile: Peppe Sini. Redazione: strada S. Barbara 9/E, 01100 Viterbo, tel. 0761353532, e-mail: centropacevt at gmail.com
Numero 533 del 10 agosto 2022
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Informativa sulla privacy
E' possibile consultare l'informativa sulla privacy a questo indirizzo: https://www.peacelink.it/peacelink/informativa-privacy-nonviolenza
Per non ricevere piu' il notiziario e' sufficiente recarsi in questa pagina: https://lists.peacelink.it/sympa/signoff/nonviolenza
Per iscriversi al notiziario l'indirizzo e' https://lists.peacelink.it/sympa/subscribe/nonviolenza
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L'unico indirizzo di posta elettronica utilizzabile per contattare la redazione e' centropacevt at gmail.com
LA BIBLIOTECA DI ZOROBABELE
***************************
Segnalazioni librarie e letture nonviolente
a cura del "Centro di ricerca per la pace, i diritti umani e la difesa della biosfera" di Viterbo
Supplemento a "La nonviolenza e' in cammino" (anno XXIII)
Direttore responsabile: Peppe Sini. Redazione: strada S. Barbara 9/E, 01100 Viterbo, tel. 0761353532, e-mail: centropacevt at gmail.com
Numero 533 del 10 agosto 2022
In questo numero:
1. Nessun governo si sta opponendo alla guerra e alle stragi. Cosa attendono i popoli ad insorgere nonviolentemente per salvare tutte le vite?
2. Human Rights Council - Working Group on Arbitrary Detention: Opinion No. 7/2022 concerning Leonard Peltier (United States of America) (parte prima)
1. L'ORA. NESSUN GOVERNO SI STA OPPONENDO ALLA GUERRA E ALLE STRAGI. COSA ATTENDONO I POPOLI AD INSORGERE NONVIOLENTEMENTE PER SALVARE TUTTE LE VITE?
Ogni giorno la guerra uccide esseri umani inermi e innocenti.
Ogni giorno cresce il rischio di un conflitto nucleare che puo' sterminare l'umanita' intera.
Non c'e' un solo governo che si stia realemnte impegnando per far cessare la guerra e le stragi di cui essa consiste, per abolire gli eserciti e le armi.
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Non ci si lasci paralizzare dall'orrore.
Si insorga nonviolentemente per contrastare la guerra, gli eserciti, le armi.
Si insorga nonviolentemente per salvare tutte le vite.
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Ogni vittima ha il volto di Abele.
Ogni essere umano ha diritto alla vita, alla dignita', alla solidarieta'.
Salvare le vite e' il primo dovere.
2. REPETITA IUVANT. HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL - WORKING GROUP ON ARBITRARY DETENTION: OPINION NO. 7/2022 CONCERNING LEONARD PELTIER (UNITED STATES OF AMERICA) (PARTE PRIMA)
[Dal sito dell'Alto Commissariato delle Nazioni Unite per i diritti umani (www.ohchr.org) riproponiamo questo importante documento]
A/HRC/WGAD/2022/7
Advance Edited Version Distr.: General
7 June 2022
Original: English
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Human Rights Council
Working Group on Arbitrary Detention
Opinions adopted by the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention at its ninety-third session, 30 March–8 April 2022
Opinion No. 7/2022 concerning Leonard Peltier (United States of America)
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1. The Working Group on Arbitrary Detention was established in resolution 1991/42 of the Commission on Human Rights. In its resolution 1997/50, the Commission extended and clarified the mandate of the Working Group. Pursuant to General Assembly resolution 60/251 and Human Rights Council decision 1/102, the Council assumed the mandate of the Commission. The Council most recently extended the mandate of the Working Group for a three-year period in its resolution 42/22.
2. In accordance with its methods of work (1), on 10 December 2021 the Working Group transmitted to the Government of the United States of America a communication concerning Leonard Peltier. The Government replied to the communication on 11 February 2022. The State is a party to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
3. The Working Group regards deprivation of liberty as arbitrary in the following cases:
(a) When it is clearly impossible to invoke any legal basis justifying the deprivation of liberty (as when a person is kept in detention after the completion of his or her sentence or despite an amnesty law applicable to him or her) (category I);
(b) When the deprivation of liberty results from the exercise of the rights or freedoms guaranteed by articles 7, 13, 14, 18, 19, 20 and 21 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and, insofar as States parties are concerned, by articles 12, 18, 19, 21, 22, 25, 26 and 27 of the Covenant (category II);
(c) When the total or partial non-observance of the international norms relating to the right to a fair trial, established in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and in the relevant international instruments accepted by the States concerned, is of such gravity as to give the deprivation of liberty an arbitrary character (category III);
(d) When asylum seekers, immigrants or refugees are subjected to prolonged administrative custody without the possibility of administrative or judicial review or remedy (category IV);
(e) When the deprivation of liberty constitutes a violation of international law on the grounds of discrimination based on birth, national, ethnic or social origin, language, religion, economic condition, political or other opinion, gender, sexual orientation, disability, or any other status, that aims towards or can result in ignoring the equality of human beings (category V).
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Submissions
Communication from the source
4. Leonard Peltier is a citizen of the United States and an indigenous activist. He is a member of the Chippewa and Lakota Nations. Mr. Peltier was arrested on 6 February 1976,
at the age of 32, in Alberta, Canada and extradited to the United States to face murder charges. He was convicted and received two consecutive sentences of life imprisonment. At the time of the petition, Mr. Peltier was 75 years old and had been imprisoned for 44 years, originally based on a murder conviction. The source reports that he has been continually denied parole on the basis of unproven allegations of aiding and abetting. He is currently detained at United States Penitentiary Coleman I in Florida.
5. Mr. Peltier suffers from multiple serious health conditions that have not been and cannot be appropriately treated in prison. These include kidney disease, a heart condition, diabetes, high blood pressure, bone spurs, a degenerative joint disease, shortness of breath and dizziness, painful injuries to his jaw and near blindness in one eye due to a stroke. Several of these conditions put Mr. Peltier at high risk of death from coronavirus disease (COVID19) while detained.
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a. Background
6. According to the source, at the age of 9, United States government agents forcibly took Mr. Peltier from his grandmother to a boarding school run by non-Native Americans in order to strip him of his connection to his culture. At the school, he was beaten and forbidden to speak his indigenous language or talk to his younger sister and cousin. After leaving school, Mr. Peltier worked as a mechanic and provided addiction counselling to Native Americans.
7. Mr. Peltier was reportedly a member of the American Indian Movement, an organization founded in the late 1960s to foster a renewal of spirituality of indigenous people in the Americas, to create opportunities for indigenous people and build their selfdetermination, to combat injustices and to use the judicial system to protect the rights of indigenous peoples. At the time of the 1975 events in South Dakota that led to Mr. Peltier's conviction, the Movement was in conflict with the United States Federal Bureau of Investigation.
8. The Working Group was informed through a petition submitted on behalf of Mr. Peltier in 2004 of the events surrounding his trial for the murder of two Federal Bureau of Investigation agents on the Pine Ridge Reservation (2). Mr. Peltier's case was allegedly tainted by government misconduct when he was extradited from Canada on the basis of false affidavits obtained through coercion of an indigenous woman, who was not present in the area of the crime. Mr. Peltier's trial was originally to be overseen by the same judge who presided over an earlier trial that resulted in the acquittal of his co-defendants. However, his case was moved, at the Government's request, to a judge who had previously presided over a criminal trial that was overturned as a result of his use of anti-indigenous stereotypes in his instructions to the jury (3). The source claims that Mr. Peltier was convicted of murder after the judge excluded evidence of coercion of witnesses on the part of the Federal Bureau of Investigation and on the basis of evidence that was later discovered to have been manufactured. A ballistics report that the appeal judge found to be among the strongest evidence of Mr. Peltier's guilt was later found to be false through Freedom of Information Act litigation.
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b. New facts
9. Although the Working Group held in 2005 that the problems with Mr. Peltier's trial and his unusually long sentence were insufficient to show that his detention was arbitrary, in the 17 years since that opinion, more information has come to light regarding the pattern of procedural and substantive injustice that Mr. Peltier has experienced.
10. Mr. Peltier's detention has been prolonged by parole officials who have departed from guidelines and failed to follow regulations pertaining to his parole proceedings. This, in addition to the influence of the Federal Bureau of Investigation over the case, is the reason why he remains in detention during the COVID-19 pandemic, which is a threat to his life.
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c. United States Parole Commission
11. At the time of Mr. Peltier's sentencing in 1977, all federal prisoners were eligible for parole after serving a maximum of 10 years, and actual release dates were managed largely by the Parole Commission. In the late 1970s, about 70 per cent of release dates were set by the Parole Commission on a discretionary basis during incarceration, rather than determined at sentencing. Although Mr. Peltier was initially given two life sentences by the court, his eligibility for parole in the context of correctional practices at that time warranted the expectation that an actual release date would be set at some point. In 1985, a year before Mr. Peltier was eligible for parole, the average time served by federal prisoners released on parole after being sentenced to life imprisonment was 8.8 years.
12. In 1984, the United States Sentencing Reform Act changed the way sentencing functioned at the federal level and abolished parole for anyone sentenced in the federal system after 1984. The sentencing model in which actual time served was often decided by the Parole Commission rather than the sentencing court was abandoned in favour of fixed prison terms. The Act established a five-year transition period. At the end of the transition period in 1990, the Judicial Improvements Act extended the life of the Parole Commission until 1997 for the primary purpose of continuing to oversee parole consideration for convictions prior to the implementation of the Act. The Commission has since been renewed several times, and it is still active for that specific purpose.
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d. Denial of consideration for release and due process rights
13. Since the beginning of his sentence, Mr. Peltier has suffered a series of violations of the due process rights guaranteed to prisoners seeking parole under United States law. In 1977, the Parole Commission implemented a procedure requiring that prisoners with no minimum sentence be informed of their "presumptive parole" release date. However, Mr. Peltier was never informed of his presumptive parole date, as required.
14. In 1981, the Parole Commission updated its mechanism for evaluating prisoners for parole, but Mr. Peltier was not evaluated according to the new standard. This generated uncertainty about his release date, which would have been clarified if the appropriate protocols had been followed.
15. In 1984, when the United States Sentencing Reform Act was implemented, Mr. Peltier was one of the prisoners who, by law, should have received a release date during the fiveyear transition period. This release date would have been approximately in 1992. However, to date, Mr. Peltier has not been given a release date.
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e. Parole Commission excluded and contradicted facts
16. According to the source, Mr. Peltier has had two full parole hearings and four interim hearings. At none of these hearings did the Parole Commission substantively review the suitability of his confinement. At each hearing, the Parole Commission denied Mr. Peltier's parole, either without considering the full trial record or based on facts contradicted by it.
17. Mr. Peltier became eligible for parole on 21 December 1986, but his first full parole hearing was not held until 14 December 1993. At that hearing, the Parole Commission stated that his aggregate guideline range for release on parole was 188+ months. Even though Mr. Peltier had already served significantly more than 188 months, the Commission ordered that he remain in prison for at least 15 more years until a reconsideration hearing in 2008. That next hearing would be after 394 months of imprisonment, more than double the parole guideline.
18. The Commission's 1993 decision to deny parole was made on the recommendation of a parole hearing examiner who did not have full access to the facts of the case. The examiner recommended denying parole because Mr. Peltier had "committed murders". However, at the time, he was not aware that the Government had previously conceded that it could not prove that Mr. Peltier was the person who had killed the Federal Bureau of Investigation agents. The prosecutors had acknowledged in 1978 that they did not know who specifically fired the killing shots, and the facts did not directly indicate the person responsible for the killing.
19. In 1995, during Mr. Peltier's interim parole hearing, his lawyer provided the parole hearing examiner with access to additional information about misconduct and fabrication of evidence on the part of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, revealed on appeal and through Freedom of Information Act litigation. As a result, the parole hearing examiner retracted his previous recommendation, noting that the evidence did not prove that Mr. Peltier had "fired the fatal bullets into the agents" and, in particular, that on appeal, the prosecution "had acknowledged that the Government does not know insofar as having evidence to sustain the conviction in court" that Mr. Peltier murdered the officers. As a result, he concluded that Mr. Peltier's incarceration was unfounded and could not proceed without being "independently supported by a preponderance of the evidence" finding that Mr. Peltier had committed the murders.
20. In response to this recommendation, the Parole Commission appointed a second hearing officer, who had not been present at Mr. Peltier's interim hearing, to review the matter. Contradicting the previous findings, the second hearing officer recommended upholding the 15-year reconsideration period. The Commission ignored the previous conclusions and instead accepted the recommendation of the second officer, denying parole.
21. According to the source, it later emerged that the first parole hearing examiner had been demoted after submitting his recommendation, in retaliation for putting forward a favourable parole decision for Mr. Peltier.
22. Mr. Peltier had three other interim hearings between his first full hearing in 1993 and his second full hearing in 2009. He was denied parole at all three hearings. At the interim hearing held on 12 June 2000, the examiner did not even read or examine arguments from Mr. Peltier's lawyers, including a report from a physician documenting his health risks. The examiner wrote the recommendation to deny parole before the hearing was concluded, in violation of the Parole Commission's stated protocols (4).
23. According to the source, before Mr. Peltier's second full parole hearing on 28 July 2009, his lawyer informed him that the Government had said that it would not oppose the motion for parole. In addition, a representative of the Parole Commission had told Mr. Peltier before the hearing that if his medical conditions – already severe by that time – persisted, he would be considered a suitable candidate for parole. At the hearing, however, the Government opposed parole. Despite Mr. Peltier's serious medical problems, the Commission again denied him parole. The explanation offered by the Commission for this denial in 2009 differed from that given in 1993. In 1993, the Commission had adopted the rationale that release could not be granted because Mr. Peltier had "committed murders". In 2009, the Commission instead used language that was consistent with a theory of aiding and abetting, alleging that Mr. Peltier had been involved in the killings, rather than having committed them himself. An appeal by Mr. Peltier in February 2010 was denied on similar grounds.
24. The source highlights the fact that Mr. Peltier was never convicted of aiding and abetting the murders. Under United States law, aiding and abetting is a separate offence, with separate elements that must be proven to a jury beyond reasonable doubt. The jury did not find Mr. Peltier guilty of aiding and abetting. Instead, the jury convicted Mr. Peltier of firstdegree murder, the very crime the Government has since admitted Mr. Peltier cannot be proven to have committed. The Commission's recommendation in 2009 that Mr. Peltier remain incarcerated for another 15 years was based on claims inconsistent with his actual conviction.
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f. Parole Commission's reasons for denial
25. The source claims that the Parole Commission has acted in violation of its procedures by focusing solely on past convictions, rather than on institutional behaviour. The continued reliance on an unchanging factor, namely, the circumstance of the offence and conduct prior to imprisonment, could result in a due process violation (5). For the Parole Commission to deny parole release solely because of the violent nature of the offences would constitute such a violation of due process (6). Nevertheless, although Mr. Peltier's conduct during incarceration has been exemplary for more than four decades, the Parole Commission has repeatedly cited Mr. Peltier's convictions as the sole reason for denying parole.
26. According to the source, despite having suffered physical abuse and conditions that amount to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment and may amount to torture, Mr. Peltier's record during incarceration has been exemplary. The source estimates that, cumulatively, Mr. Peltier has spent more than five years in solitary confinement. The source adds that prolonged solitary confinement constitutes torture. In addition, Mr. Peltier has been deprived of medical care and physically endangered by the violent actions of other prisoners. He was the target of an attempted assassination plot in 1979. In or around 2009, Mr. Peltier was beaten by other prisoners. Mr. Peltier is kept in an extreme form of lockdown, where he is isolated in his cell 24 hours a day, apart from three one-hour periods each week to make telephone calls and to shower. He is needlessly exposed to conditions that threaten his health and life.
27. The source notes that Mr. Peltier has shown over more than a decade that his commitment to positive institutional behaviour is longstanding and unimpeachable. The Bureau of Prisons has entered three charges against him over four decades of incarceration. All three charges were either for actions taken by Mr. Peltier in self-defence or were erroneously levied against him. Mr. Peltier's disciplinary history demonstrates exceptional strength, grace and courage in the face of extraordinarily challenging and destructive circumstances.
28. Mr. Peltier has focused his energy on art and charitable work, including mentoring Native American youth vulnerable to addiction and suicide, donating art to raise funds for his own communities, and helping start programmes to support Native American health, culture and entrepreneurship. Mr. Peltier has been honoured with international awards for his humanitarian work. Human rights advocates, including a former United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, have supported his release (7).
29. In each of its decisions, the Parole Commission ignored Mr. Peltier's institutional behaviour and medical need in favour of continued reliance on his past convictions. In 2009, the examiner for Mr. Peltier's most recent parole hearing stated that the seriousness of the offences far outweighed his age or medical conditions. The final decision adopted by the Parole Commission cited the original murder conviction and did not mention more recent behaviour.
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g. Anti-Native American bias
30. The source claims that Mr. Peltier has repeatedly been subjected to anti-Native American bias throughout the parole process. For example, the Parole Commission's 1995 interim decision mischaracterized and minimized the extrajudicial killings of more than 60 indigenous people on the Pine Ridge Reservation between 1973 and June 1975, the vast majority of whom were civilians who were not involved in conflict, by referring to these deaths as a conflict between law enforcement and Native American "militants".
31. At the interim hearing in May 1998, the examiner also displayed anti-Native American bias. The examiner's statements suggested that, although he was not convinced that Mr. Peltier had killed the officers, he felt it was warranted to continue to detain Mr. Peltier because the actual killer appeared to have been someone from his Nation. The source notes that the examiner indicated that he intended to punish Mr. Peltier for actions committed by an unknown person because the killer appeared to have been part of his indigenous group.
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h. Federal Bureau of Investigation influence
32. The source alleges that the Federal Bureau of Investigation targeted Mr. Peltier for his political activism relating to indigenous rights before he was incarcerated and has since continued to exert influence over his case. The interventions in Mr. Peltier's case reflect the agency's history of targeting political dissident groups, particularly those from racial minorities and indigenous communities.
33. Prior to his arrest, Mr. Peltier was an activist with the American Indian Movement. In 1973, the Federal Bureau of Investigation began surveilling and working to infiltrate the Movement to investigate its purported extremist activity. Bureau communications from that time refer to efforts to cultivate informants within the Movement chapters and surveillance of the activities of individual Movement members. From covert surveillance, the Bureau escalated its activities to physical threats. A Bureau memorandum from April 1975 showed that it was preparing to engage in armed confrontation with the Movement.
34. According to the source, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, in a memorandum dated 9 August 1974 – nearly a year prior to the shoot-out – deemed Mr. Peltier to be an American Indian Movement manager. Mr. Peltier was subsequently harassed multiple times by Bureau agents. At the time of Mr. Peltier's trial, the Government dropped charges against his codefendant so that the full prosecutorial weight of the Federal Government could be directed against Mr. Peltier.
35. On 16 December 2000, around 500 Federal Bureau of Investigation agents marched near the White House after it became clear that President Clinton was considering granting clemency to Mr. Peltier. The source states that Bureau agents had never made such a public and virulent display against the potential release of a prisoner. The protesters delivered a petition to the White House with the signatures of more than 8,000 current and former Bureau agents.
36. In 2016, when President Obama considered granting clemency to Mr. Peltier, the Federal Bureau of Investigation Agents Association posted a letter opposing his release. The letter stated that Mr. Peltier was not remorseful and that there was no question that he had committed the murders of Bureau agents. Aware of the impact of the Bureau's intense opposition, Mr. Peltier's legal team attempted to meet with the then Bureau Director to discuss the clemency petition, but the Bureau responded that it stood by Mr. Peltier's conviction. In 2017, following the presidential decision to deny clemency to Mr. Peltier, the Bureau released a press statement labelling Mr. Peltier as an unremorseful, cold-blooded killer.
37. The source adds that the Federal Bureau of Investigation has actively opposed Mr. Peltier's parole applications. Bureau agents have testified against Mr. Peltier at multiple parole hearings, despite having no apparent connection to the crime. The Bureau is further implicated in attempts to influence Mr. Peltier's case though a website entitled No Parole Peltier, a platform for opponents of Mr. Peltier created by a Bureau Special Agent in April 2000, when he was still an active Bureau member. The persons operating the site respond to publications by the Leonard Peltier Defense Committee and seek to rebut allegations of Bureau misconduct associated with Mr. Peltier's trial.
38. According to the source, when the Washington State Department of Labor and Industries displayed paintings by Mr. Peltier at a 2015 Native American heritage month exhibition, former Federal Bureau of Investigation agents wrote to the Department criticizing the inclusion of his work. The Department removed Mr. Peltier's paintings from the exhibition two weeks earlier than originally planned. A court later found that Mr. Peltier's artwork had been improperly removed in response to pressure from the former Bureau agents and that there had been no compelling government interest for the removal of the paintings.
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i. Legal analysis
39. The source submits that Mr. Peltier's detention is arbitrary under categories I and III. Even if a detention was lawful at its inception, it can become unlawful once the individual has completed serving the sentence or when the circumstances that justified the detention have changed (8). This is the case with Mr. Peltier's detention. Although the Working Group did not find that Mr. Peltier's detention was arbitrary in 2005, the circumstances have changed and the continued deprivation of his liberty 17 years later has now become arbitrary.
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1. Category I: No basis for detention
40. The source claims that the continued detention of Mr. Peltier is arbitrary because the Government cannot invoke any legal basis justifying its continued deprivation of his liberty. Mr. Peltier's detention meets this criterion for three reasons: (a) the time Mr. Peltier has served is vastly disproportionate to the sentences normally imposed for the crime of which he was convicted; (b) his detention is indefinite; and (c) there is no legitimate purpose for his detention.
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Prolonged sentence
41. According to the source, Mr. Peltier's detention is arbitrary because it is prolonged. He has been made to serve a sentence five times longer than that served by others convicted of similar crimes. In 1976, the Federal Government set parole eligibility for persons sentenced to life imprisonment at 10 years, with reductions in time possible for good behaviour. In 1985, even individuals given life sentences after being convicted of murder by federal courts were released on parole after an average of 8.8 years. By these standards, Mr. Peltier, who was sentenced to two consecutive life sentences in 1977, should have served, at most, 17.6 years. Instead, he has been incarcerated for more than 40 years, the equivalent of almost five times the length of a prison sentence normally served by those given a life sentence.
42. Even by the more punitive standards of today, the length of Mr. Peltier's detention is out of proportion. In 2015, individuals sentenced by United States federal courts to life imprisonment for murder served an average of 27.4 years before being paroled. Mr. Peltier has been in prison for almost half a century.
43. In its 2016 visit to the United States, the Working Group identified disproportionate sentencing as one of the key sources of arbitrary detention (9). Mr. Peltier's case is an example of this systemic problem in the United States criminal justice system.
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Indefinite detention
44. The source claims that Mr. Peltier's detention is arbitrary because it is indefinite. It is indefinite because, even though the Government has admitted that it cannot prove that Mr. Peltier committed the murders for which he was incarcerated, the Parole Commission has repeatedly denied Mr. Peltier's requests for parole and the Government has failed to order his release. Instead, the Parole Commission has continued to hold Mr. Peltier on the alternate theory that he aided and abetted the murders, despite the fact that Mr. Peltier was never found guilty at trial of aiding and abetting a murder. Such a finding would have violated the United States extradition treaty with Canada, which requires that the crime with which a person is charged in the United States be the crime upon which that person was extradited.
45. According to the source, the fact that the Bureau of Prisons now continues to deny Mr. Peltier parole on the basis that he may have aided and abetted the murders amounts to incarcerating Mr. Peltier for a crime for which he has never been found guilty in a court. Detaining a person without a trial is the very definition of indefinite detention. Continuing to detain Mr. Peltier violates article 9 of the Covenant. Such indefiniteness in itself renders Mr. Peltier's detention arbitrary and raises further doubt as to whether his trial was fair in the first instance.
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No legitimate purpose for continued detention
46. The source claims that Mr. Peltier's detention is arbitrary because his detention serves no legitimate purpose. Under guideline 15 of the United Nations Basic Principles and Guidelines on Remedies and Procedures on the Right of Anyone Deprived of Their Liberty to Bring Proceedings Before a Court (10), a reviewing court should consider whether a detained person's changed circumstances, including changes in health, justify continued detention. The Working Group has held on a previous occasion that there is no legitimate reason to detain an elderly and unwell man who poses no threat to others (11).
47. At the time of the petition, Mr. Peltier was 75 years old and in poor health. He has a large and potentially fatal aortic aneurysm that could burst at any time, instantly killing him. Mr. Peltier's next reconsideration hearing will not be held until 2024. At that point, Mr. Peltier will be almost 80 years old, if he lives that long. Mr. Peltier poses no threat to anyone. There is no legitimate purpose for the Government to continue his detention. Doing so despite the lack of a legitimate purpose amounts to arbitrary detention under category I.
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2. Category III: Procedural deficiencies
48. The source recalls that, even when no individual defect considered alone would render a detention arbitrary, a number of defects can cumulatively indicate that detention is indeed arbitrary (12). The present case is such a case. The cumulative effect of the procedural deficiencies that Mr. Peltier has suffered in parole proceedings are overwhelming, rendering his continued detention arbitrary.
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Right to due process in parole proceedings
49. The source notes that the right to due process is applicable in parole proceedings. Mr. Peltier's due process rights have been violated both because the Parole Commission itself is not under the control of a judicial authority, in contravention of principle 4 of the Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment, and because the parole proceedings in Mr. Peltier's case have been unreasonable and lacking in transparency.
50. Under principle 4 of the Body of Principles, any form of detention "shall be ordered by, or be subject to the effective control of, a judicial or other authority". For the purposes of the Body of Principles, a "judicial or other authority" means "a judicial or other authority under the law whose status and tenure should afford the strongest possible guarantees of competence, impartiality and independence". The Government has recognized that the Parole Commission does not meet this standard. The rationale for passing the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984, which eliminated the role of the Parole Commission in all cases tried after 1984, was in large part to remedy the arbitrary and unfair outcomes that the Parole Commission had generated. Nevertheless, Mr. Peltier remains subject to the control of the Parole Commission, and no judicial body supervises the Commission's decisions.
51. Furthermore, the Commission's proceedings in the present case have been unreasonable, highly subjective and lacking in transparency, in violation of Mr. Peltier's due process rights. Due process requires that the Parole Commission make its decision on the basis of new, individualized determinations at each hearing, particularly focusing on contemporary circumstances, including the petitioner's conduct while incarcerated. The Commission's protocols require that the examiner refrain from predetermining the outcome of a hearing, requiring decisions to be made only at the conclusion of the hearing.
52. In Mr. Peltier's case, the Commission has deviated from these procedural requirements. Mr. Peltier has accomplished substantial charitable and advocacy work while incarcerated. Nothing in his conduct suggests that continued detention is warranted. Nonetheless, the Parole Commission has voted repeatedly to continue Mr. Peltier's detention, basing its decision on factors unrelated to his conduct while incarcerated. On at least one occasion, an examiner reached a decision before fully considering the evidence in Mr. Peltier's favour, suggesting an unlawful, automatic predetermination of the Commission's decision. The Commission's decision to remove an examiner from his post after his recommendation that Mr. Peltier be released was unreasonable and lacking in transparency.
53. When considered cumulatively, the individual elements of the Commission's conduct violate article 9 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and article 9 of the Covenant (13). Mr. Peltier's ongoing detention should therefore be regarded as arbitrary under category III.
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Freedom from torture and ill-treatment
54. The source claims that the authorities have violated Mr. Peltier's right to be free from torture and ill-treatment. Despite the Government's legal obligation to prevent torture within its jurisdiction, Bureau of Prisons officials have nonetheless condoned torturing Mr. Peltier, both through the use of solitary confinement and by withholding necessary medical care.
55. The authorities have repeatedly held Mr. Peltier in solitary confinement in a cell with no air conditioning and without adequate ventilation. In 2011, the authorities ordered Mr. Peltier to spend six months in solitary confinement. During this time, he spent 23 hours a day in his cell, for five days a week, and he spent all 24 hours of the day in his cell twice a week. Since COVID-19 began spreading in federal prisons, Mr. Peltier has again been placed in solitary confinement, repeatedly spending up to 14 days at a time isolated in his cell. By limiting Mr. Peltier's isolation to 14-day stretches, the Bureau of Prisons avoids exceeding the 15-day limit on solitary confinement. Nevertheless, these periods of solitary confinement, in combination, inflict the psychological damage that the 15-day limit is meant to prevent. Shorter uses of solitary confinement, particularly when used repeatedly, can still amount to torture.
56. Although the Bureau of Prisons claims that solitary confinement is necessary to prevent the spread of COVID-19, health experts have warned that it can weaken immune systems, which may render those placed in solitary confinement more likely to contract and die of COVID-19 when they are released from isolation. Fear of being placed in isolation may also deter people from reporting symptoms, leading to further transmission and worse health outcomes for those who try to hide their infection. The World Health Organization and the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights released a joint statement noting that the isolation of prisoners in response to COVID-19 should be imposed only as a last resort if no alternative protective measures can be taken. In no case should quarantine or medical isolation result in de facto solitary confinement (14). The Bureau of Prisons has violated these standards, moving prisoners into isolation before exhausting other options and forcing prisoners to isolate individually instead of in groups, resulting in de facto and unwarranted solitary confinement.
57. Withholding necessary and proper care can contribute to a finding of ill-treatment or torture. The Bureau of Prisons withheld care from Mr. Peltier by failing to ensure that he had access to surgery for his aortic aneurysm and by failing to take adequate steps to protect him from the threat of COVID-19. Mr. Peltier is particularly vulnerable to COVID-19 given his advanced age and multiple pre-existing medical conditions. Withholding appropriate medical care constitutes a violation of his right to be free from cruel treatment and torture.
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Response from the Government
58. On 10 December 2021, the Working Group transmitted the source's allegations to the Government under its regular communication procedure, requesting it to provide detailed information by 8 February 2022 about the situation of Mr. Peltier. The Working Group requested the Government to clarify the provisions justifying his continued detention, as well as its compatibility with international human rights law.
59. On 8 February 2022, the Government requested an extension of the deadline for its response. The extension was granted, with a new deadline of 11 February 2022. The Government submitted its response on 11 February 2022.
60. The Government notes that the Working Group previously assessed Mr. Peltier's claim of arbitrary detention in 2005 and rejected it, reasoning that Mr. Peltier "was given an opportunity to raise all the complaints listed... before the national appellate courts, which, in well-reasoned decisions, dismissed them" (15). Indeed, more than a dozen federal judges have reviewed his numerous challenges (all made with the assistance of legal counsel) to his conviction and denials of parole and have rejected them, repeatedly determining that Mr. Peltier received a fair trial. The record more than supports the jury's verdict that he murdered two Federal Bureau of Investigation Special Agents (16). Even though the federal courts have specifically rejected most of the source's allegations, the Government underscores several facts.
61. First, Mr. Peltier was convicted by strong evidence of first-degree murder. The source's allegations repeatedly state that Mr. Peltier was never convicted of aiding and abetting. However, aiding and abetting is not a stand-alone crime. Mr. Peltier was convicted of first-degree murder (either by personally committing the murders or by aiding and abetting their commission). As every court that has reviewed the present case has determined, the two Federal Bureau of Investigation Special Agents were wounded in a gun battle and then murdered at point-blank range with an AR-15 firearm linked to Mr. Peltier by eyewitness testimony and ballistic analysis.
62. The Government recalls that "no witness testified that anyone other than Peltier was seen firing an AR-15 at the agents' cars, or that anyone other than Peltier was seen by the agents' cars with an AR-15" (17). In addition, witnesses at trial placed Mr. Peltier at the crime scene. With that and the volume of other strong evidence, the United States presented the first-degree murder case to the jury on two alternate theories: (a) Mr. Peltier personally murdered the two Federal Bureau of Investigation Special Agents; or (b) Mr. Peltier aided and abetted the murders by handing over his AR-15 firearm to another person who pulled the trigger on Mr. Peltier's AR-15.18 That theory of guilt has never changed. The United States has always maintained that Mr. Peltier is guilty of first-degree murder either by personally committing the murder or murders or by aiding and abetting their commission (19).
63. Second, the Government emphasizes that the Parole Commission has not violated Mr. Peltier's rights by denying parole. Mr. Peltier was sentenced seven years before the United States Congress abolished parole in 1984 for all federal inmates. He is one of the very few federal inmates who is eligible for parole hearings. Mr. Peltier has had several full and interim parole hearings and was represented by a lawyer at all of them (legal representation is not mandated by law). At all of his parole hearings, the Parole Commission applied federal parole standards established by statute and regulation. Mr. Peltier's most recent parole hearing was in July 2009, and he was eligible for an interim parole hearing in July 2011. He may apply at any time for reconsideration and will then be scheduled for a hearing.
64. The source asserts that Mr. Peltier's conduct in prison has been exemplary, failing to mention that two years after sentencing, he escaped from prison. He and his fellow escapees fired shots at prison staff in the course of their breakout. While a fugitive, Mr. Peltier reportedly committed armed robbery (20). Based on the seriousness of his crime, in murdering two federal agents and then escaping from prison by firing shots at prison staff, it strains credulity for Mr. Peltier to claim that his incarceration is arbitrary or unprecedented.
65. Mr. Peltier is presently designated to the Coleman Federal Correctional Complex, United States Penitentiary-I. He is not in solitary confinement. He is currently housed in general population in A-Unit. He has been housed in general population since 20 December 2018. The last time he was in the Special Housing Unit was from 10 to 11 May 2018. Due to incidents involving the safety and security of the institution, it has been necessary for Penitentiary-I to be placed on lockdown at various times. During lockdowns, medical staff make rounds twice a day to conduct pill line, administer insulin and address any medical concerns. The Unit Team makes rounds daily and the Unit Officer makes rounds every 30 minutes. Should Mr. Peltier have any concerns, medical or otherwise, he has multiple opportunities to raise them with a variety of staff members on a daily basis.
66. The medical care provided at Penitentiary-I is commensurate with Mr. Peltier's medical conditions and is consistent with current standards of care. Penitentiary-I is accredited by The Joint Commission, an independent organization that provides health-care accreditation to more than 22,000 health-care entities. The Bureau of Prisons advises that Mr. Peltier continues to receive appropriate medical care to address his medical conditions. The Government is unable to disclose more detailed information due to privacy concerns, unless Mr. Peltier gives his written consent for it to do so.
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Additional comments from the source
67. The source asserts that the Government has not contested several assertions, including Mr. Peltier's medical conditions, the alleged violations of Mr. Peltier's due process rights by the Parole Commission or the Federal Bureau of Investigation's ongoing influence in his case. Furthermore, the Government does not dispute that Mr. Peltier has engaged in charitable work during his incarceration and that the Parole Commission has repeatedly refused to release him purely on the basis of criminal convictions from 45 years ago.
68. Mr. Peltier is not receiving adequate medical care. He tested positive for COVID-19 in January 2022 and remains at heightened risk of death owing to complications caused by the virus. The Government claims that his medical care is consistent with current standards of care, without referring to the source of those standards.
69. The Government's argument that the Parole Commission applied federal parole standards is inconsistent with the due process violations during Mr. Peltier's parole hearings. In addition, the Government does not respond to the argument that there is no judicial body that supervises the Commission. While the Government states that Mr. Peltier is one of the few federal inmates eligible for parole hearings, federal inmates sentenced after Congress abolished parole are eligible for supervised release. Supervised release is controlled by the federal district courts and is more protective of due process rights. Furthermore, there is no significance to Mr. Peltier being legally represented at his parole hearings when the examiner at his interim hearing in 2000 did not examine arguments from his lawyers. Lastly, one of the prosecutors recently explained that the prosecution theory changed at least three times during Mr. Peltier's trial and appeal (21).
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Note
1 A/HRC/36/38.
2 Mr. Peltier's case was considered in opinion No. 15/2005 (E/CN.4/2006/7/Add.1).
3 United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, United States v. Lavallie, 666 F.2d 1217, 18 December 1981.
4 The Parole Commission requires decisions to be made "at the conclusion of the hearing".
5 United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, Biggs v. Terhune, 334 F.3d 910, 30 June 2003.
6 United States District Court, Eastern District Of New York, Graziano v. Pataki, Lexis 52556, 17 July 2006.
7 Mary Robinson, President, The Mary Robinson Foundation – Climate Justice, "Clemency Petition of Leonard Peltier", letter to the President of the United States, Barack Obama, 12 July 2016.
8 See, e.g., Rameka et al. v. New Zealand (CCPR/C/79/D/1090/2002).
9 A/HRC/36/37/Add.2, paras. 50, 60–61 and 88.
10 A/HRC/30/37, annex.
11 Opinion No. 7/2017, paras. 44–45.
12 Opinion No. 34/2000 (E/CN.4/2002/77/Add.1), para. 23.
13 Opinions No. 33/1999 and No. 34/1999 (E/CN.4/2001/14/Add.1).
14 See https://interagencystandingcommittee.org/system/files/2020-11/IASC%20Interim%20Guidance%20on%20COVID-19%20-%20Focus%20on%20Persons%20Deprived%20of%20Their%20Liberty_0.pdf.
15 Opinion No. 15/2005, para. 10.
16 United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, United States v. Peltier, 585 F.2d 314, 14 September 1978 (finding that the evidence of Mr. Peltier's guilt was "strong"); United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit, Peltier v. Booker, 348 F.3d 888, 4 November 2003 (considering the history of Federal Court review of Mr. Peltier's conviction and denials of parole); and United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, Peltier v. Federal Bureau of Investigation, 563 F.3d 754, 29 April 2009.
17 United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, United States v. Peltier, 800 F.2d 772, 11 September 1986.
18 Peltier v. Federal Bureau of Investigation, 563 F.3d.
19 United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, Peltier v. Henman, 997 F.2d; and Peltier v. Booker, 348 F.3d.
20 Peltier v. Booker, 348 F.3d, 889–890.
21 See Jonathan P. Baird, "It's time to release Leonard Peltier" Concord Monitor, 20 December 2021.
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Numero 533 del 10 agosto 2022
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