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Qui trovate la definizione ufficiale del
principio di precauzione, quello a cui ci richiamiamo per contrastare l'avanzata
degli OGM. per quanto riguarda il resto del documento, che, ricordo, e' stato
firmato a Rio De Janeiro nel 1992, e che definisce lo sviluppo sostenibile, a me
sembra l'esatto contrario dei principi del WTO. Ma mi chiedo: se questo
documento e' stato firmato nel 1992, e le regole del WTO nel 1994 all'Uruguay Round, perche' hanno prevalso queste ultime? Domanda senza
risposta.
Mi chiedo poi come abbia fatto a trovare in 5
minuti un documento che crecavo da anni! :o)
REPORT OF THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE
ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT*
(Rio de Janeiro, 3-14 June 1992)
Annex I
RIO DECLARATION ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT
The United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development, Having met at Rio de Janeiro from 3 to 14 June
1992, Reaffirming the Declaration of the United Nations Conference on the
Human Environment, adopted at Stockholm on 16 June 1972, and seeking to build
upon it, With the goal of establishing a new and equitable global
partnership through the creation of new levels of cooperation among States, key
sectors of societies and people, Working towards
international agreements which respect the interests of all and protect the
integrity of the global environmental and developmental
system, Recognizing the integral and interdependent
nature of the Earth, our home, Proclaims
that:
Principle 1
Human beings are at the centre of concerns for
sustainable development. They are entitled to a healthy and productive life
in harmony with nature.
Principle 2
States have, in accordance with the Charter of
the United Nations and the principles of international law, the sovereign right
to exploit their own resources pursuant to their own environmental and
developmental policies, and the responsibility to ensure that activities within
their jurisdiction or control do not cause damage to the environment of other
States or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction.
Principle 3 The right to development must be fulfilled so as
to equitably meet developmental and environmental needs of present and future
generations.
Principle 4
In order to achieve sustainable development,
environmental protection shall constitute an integral part of the development
process and cannot be considered in isolation from it.
Principle 5
All States and all people shall cooperate in the
essential task of eradicating poverty as an indispensable requirement for
sustainable development, in order to decrease the disparities in standards of
living and
better meet the needs of the majority of the people of the world. Principle 6
The special situation and needs of developing
countries, particularly the least developed and those most environmentally
vulnerable, shall be given special priority. International actions in the
field of environment and development should also address the interests and needs
of all countries.
Principle 7
States shall cooperate in a spirit of global
partnership to conserve, protect and restore the health and integrity of the
Earth's ecosystem. In view of the different contributions to global
environmental degradation, States have common but differentiated
responsibilities. The developed countries acknowledge the responsibility
that they bear in the international pursuit of sustainable development in view
of the pressures their societies place on the global environment and of the
technologies and financial resources they command.
Principle 8
To achieve sustainable development and a higher
quality of life for all people, States should reduce and eliminate unsustainable
patterns of production and consumption and promote appropriate demographic
policies.
Principle 9
States should cooperate to strengthen endogenous
capacity-building for sustainable development by improving scientific
understanding through exchanges of scientific and technological knowledge, and
by enhancing the development, adaptation, diffusion and transfer of
technologies, including new and innovative technologies.
Principle 10
Environmental issues are best handled with the
participation of all concerned citizens, at the relevant level. At the
national level, each individual shall have appropriate access to information
concerning the
environment that is held by public authorities, including information on hazardous materials and activities in their communities, and the opportunity to participate in decision-making processes. States shall facilitate and encourage public awareness and participation by making information widely available. Effective access to judicial and administrative proceedings, including redress and remedy, shall be provided. Principle 11
States shall enact effective environmental
legislation. Environmental standards, management objectives and priorities
should reflect the environmental and developmental context to which they
apply. Standards applied by some countries may be inappropriate and of
unwarranted economic and social cost to other countries, in particular
developing countries.
Principle 12
States should cooperate to promote a supportive
and open international economic system that would lead to economic growth and
sustainable development in all countries, to better address the problems of
environmental degradation. Trade policy measures for environmental purposes
should not constitute a means of arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination or a
disguised restriction on international trade. Unilateral actions to deal
with environmental challenges outside the jurisdiction of the importing country
should be avoided. Environmental measures addressing transboundary or global
environmental problems should, as far as possible, be based on an international
consensus.
Principle 13
States shall develop national law regarding
liability and compensation for the victims of pollution and other environmental
damage. States shall also cooperate in an expeditious and more determined
manner to develop further international law regarding liability and compensation
for adverse effects of environmental damage caused by activities within their
jurisdiction or control to areas beyond their jurisdiction.
Principle 14
States should effectively cooperate to
discourage or prevent the relocation and transfer to other States of any
activities and substances that cause severe environmental degradation or are
found to be harmful to human health.
Principle 15
In order to protect the environment, the
precautionary approach shall be widely applied by States according to their
capabilities. Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage,
lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing
cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradation.
Principle 16
National authorities should endeavour to promote
the internalization of environmental costs and the use of economic instruments,
taking into account the approach that the polluter should, in principle, bear
the cost of pollution, with due regard to the public interest and without
distorting international trade and investment.
Principle 17
Environmental impact assessment, as a national
instrument, shall be undertaken for proposed activities that are likely to have
a significant adverse impact on the environment and are subject to a decision of
a competent national authority.
Principle 18
States shall immediately notify other States of
any natural disasters or other emergencies that are likely to produce sudden
harmful effects on the environment of those States. Every effort shall be
made by the international community to help States so afflicted.
Principle 19
States shall provide prior and timely
notification and relevant information to potentially affected States on
activities that may have a significant adverse transboundary environmental
effect and shall consult with those States at an early stage and in good
faith.
Principle 20
Women have a vital role in environmental
management and development. Their full participation is therefore essential to
achieve sustainable development.
Principle 21
The creativity, ideals and courage of the youth
of the world should be mobilized to forge a global partnership in order to
achieve sustainable development and ensure a better future for all.
Principle 22
Indigenous people and their communities and
other local communities have a vital role in environmental management and
development because of their knowledge and traditional practices. States
should recognize and duly support their identity, culture and interests and
enable their effective participation in the achievement of sustainable
development.
Principle 23
The environment and natural resources of people
under oppression, domination and occupation shall be protected.
Principle 24
Warfare is inherently destructive of sustainable
development. States shall therefore respect international law providing
protection for the environment in times of armed conflict and cooperate in its
further development, as necessary.
Principle 25
Peace, development and environmental protection
are interdependent and indivisible.
Principle 26
States shall resolve all their environmental
disputes peacefully and by appropriate means in accordance with the Charter of
the United Nations.
Principle 27
States and people shall cooperate in good faith
and in a spirit of partnership in the fulfilment of the principles embodied in
this Declaration and in the further development of international law in the
field of sustainable development.
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This document has been posted online by the
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (DESA). Reproduction
and dissemination of the document - in electronic and/or printed format - is
encouraged, provided acknowledgement is made of the role of the United Nations
in making it available.
Date last updated: 12 January, 2000 by
DESA/DSD
Copyright © 1999 United Nations Fabio Quattrocchi fabioq8@libero.it
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