Alcuni documenti importanti relativi alle questioni di politica nucleare : 1945-1990

[rossana <rossana at comodinoposta.org>]

"Se nel cielo divampasse simultaneamente la luce di mille soli, sarebbe 
come lo splendore dell'Onnipotente."

Special Collection: Some Key Documents on Nuclear Policy Issues, 1945-1990

Milioni di pagine di documenti declassificati e classificati sulla 
politica nucleare degli Stati Uniti durante e dopo la guerra fredda. 
Alcuni documenti non saranno mai messi a disposizione del pubblico 
perché rivelerebbero la tecnologia delle armi nucleari, tuttavia è stato 
declassificato del materiale importante e rivelatore di questioni di 
politica nucleare. Molti documenti parlano di operazioni di routine, 
come la produzione di armi nucleari e le sue implementazioni, altri sono 
più importanti perché illuminano eventi e sviluppi, le tendenze di 
pensiero. I seguenti documenti, alcuni pubblicati per la prima volta, 
affrontano una serie di problemi fondamentali come il primo uso 
dell'arma nucleare e gli effetti delle armi nucleari, i vincoli circa il 
loro uso e i possibili esiti di una guerra nucleare.

http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nukevault/special/index.htm

Documenti declassificati con interviste orali (nel 1995) di vari capi 
militari dell'ex Unione Sovietica. Da questi documenti risulta che i 
russi non erano dei mostri che cercavano un pretesto per attaccare gli 
Stati Uniti, ma erano profondamente consapevoli degli effetti devastanti 
di una guerra nucleare.
Durante una esercitazione nel 1972 i leader del Cremlino hanno ascoltato 
un briefing sui risultati di una ipotetica guerra con gli Stati Uniti.Un 
attacco americano avrebbe ucciso 80 milioni di cittadini sovietici e 
distrutto l'85 per cento della capacità industriale del paese. Qual'è - 
stato - il ruolo dell'industria bellica, quale la sua influenza?
Del complesso militare-industriale ovviamente, la produzione 
industriale, il sistema d'arma, la tecnologia.

http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nukevault/ebb285/index.htm

Incidenti nucleari:

Il primo: 1947 October : U.S.A., ATLANTIC OCEAN - A retired navy pilot 
Lieutenant-Commander George Earl IV has claimed that he dumped 
radioactive Waste off the Atlantic seaboard on three flights in 1947. 
Lt-Commander Earl said he disclosed the radioactive dumping because of 
the U.S. Government's apparent lack of concern over the possibility of 
the cannisters leaking. ("The West Australian" - 3rd January 1981)

L'ultimo: 2009, 3 February: British and French submarines loaded with 
nuclear weapons collided in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean

2000

15 February: After a steam generator ruptured in New York’s Indian Point 
II power plant, a small amount of radioactive steam was leaked, but not 
enough to threaten the safety of the public.

12 August: The Kursk, Russia’s Northern Fleet nuclear submarine, sank 
into 354 feet of water while completing exercises in the Barents Sea, 
with 118 sailors aboard, after a torpedo exploded on board. Although 23 
members were able to gather in a dry compartment with hopes of being 
rescued, Norwegian divers declared everyone aboard dead due to the 
flooding of the submarine that they found.

2001

21 February: The Greenville, a 360-foot U.S. Navy submarine based at 
Pearl Harbor, sinks a Japanese trawler after colliding with it, killing 
nine civilians aboard the fishing boat.

2002

6 March: A foot long cavity was discovered in the reactor vessel head at 
Ohio’s Davis-Besse nuclear plant. Borated water had decomposed the metal 
to a 3/16 inch stainless steel liner which held back over 80,000 gallons 
of highly pressurized radioactive water.

23 October: An unidentified nuclear submarine caught fire while at 
Sevmorput shipyard in Russia. Reports did not disclose what submarine it 
was, if there were any casualties, and if any radiation leaked out.

2003

5 March: A Sierra I class submarine from Russia caught on fire while it 
was in a dry dock at Roslyakovo shipyard. The fire was put out, and no 
casualties or radiation discharge were reported, although the rubber 
coating was damaged. The cause was unknown.

23 March: Vladimir Kuroyedov declares Russia’s nuclear battleship, the 
“Peter the Great” as a risk of exploding at any time, and demands it be 
rushed back to port after taking a tour. Most think this is an exaggeration.

25 October: USS Hartford (US sub) ran aground north of Sardinia, Italy 
in the Mediterranean Sea. The US tried to hide the accident, but when 
relatives of the crew found out that the submarine trip was cut short by 
a month, they began to speak to the media. It hit the rocky bottom so 
hard that rudders, sonar and other electronic equipment were severely 
damaged. Italy was furious about the cover up.

2004

17 February: During nuclear war exercises including battle ships, bomber 
aircrafts, and six nuclear ballistic missile and general purpose 
submarines in Russia with President Vladimir Putin onboard one of the 
ballistic missile submarines, a ballistic nuclear missile failed to fire 
from the Novomoskovsk. It was a great embarrassment to Northern Fleet 
commanders, as the enemy would not have gotten any reciprocation had it 
attacked or been an actual war.

9 August: In Mihama, Japan, non-radioactive steam leaked from a nuclear 
power plant, killing four workers and severely burning seven others. It 
was considered Japan’s worst nuclear accident.

2005

7 January: The USS San Francisco hit an uncharted sea mountain 
underwater, causing 23 injuries and 1 death, due to human collisions 
with mechanisms inside the submarine. According to the US Navy, there 
were no environmental effects and there was no damage to the submarine’s 
weapons systems.

1 August: The third compartment of a submarine located at Zvyozdochka, 
in Russia, that was stripped of its nuclear fuel and reactors, and was 
being dismantled for scrap metal caught on fire, leaving two workers, 
ages 18 and 22, dead. The welding torch ignited fuel vapor that had 
built up in one compartment of the submarine.

2006

26 July: One of the nuclear submarines from Russia’s Northern Fleet 
suffered a leak in the first reactor circuit. Crew members who got rid 
of the leakage were sent to the hospital, as some Russian Navy 
representatives stated that the water was radioactive and others stated 
it was not.

6 September: Two crew members were killed and one was injured during a 
fire that broke out on a Victor III class submarine K-414 belonging to 
the Russian Northern Fleet during a routine patrol. According to 
reports, the K-414 was overdue for maintenance checks. There was no 
threat of a radiation leak or nuclear pollution.

12 September: At the Kjeller reactor (known as the Jeep II) in Norway, 
there was a leak in a pump used with the recombination circuit. The 
Norwegian Institute for Energy Technology said radiation seeped out for 
about 15 minutes. This was not the first time that there was an accident 
at the Kjeller reactor; there were 3 serious accidents from 2001 to 2006.

2November: A fire took place on the Russian K-317 nuclear submarine 
during repairs at Severodvinsk.

2007

26 July: A submarine undergoing repairs to its high air pressure system 
endured excessive air pressure, resulting in an explosion at the 
Northern Russian naval repair yard in Severodivnsk. The explosion caused 
no damage, no injuries or deaths, and no radiation escaped.

21 March: While using a back up ventilation system on a Royal Navy 
nuclear attack submarine, the HMS Tireless, an explosion occurred, 
killing two sailors and injuring one. The nuclear reactor was not 
affected, and there was only minimal damage to the submarine. The reason 
for the sailors using the back up system was unknown and had to undergo 
investigation.

2008

2 September: The German government confirmed that the Asse II facility, 
a nuclear waste storage that held 126,000 barrels of waste, has a leak, 
and has been leaking for over twenty years. After this confirmation, 
Germany was forced to think about another place for storing all the waste.

8 November: Twenty sailors were killed and twenty-one injured on a 
Russian Akula Class attack submarine during sea trials held in the Sea 
of Japan. These victims suffocated from freezing and toxic liquid Freon 
gas from a faulty fire suppression system. The siren to alert the crew 
that there was danger may have been delayed, according to authorities. 
No radiation accidents were reported.

**2009

3 February: British and French submarines loaded with nuclear weapons 
collided in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean. Both submarines were 
powered by nuclear reactors. According to reports, the French submarine 
was able to return to its port under its own power; the British 
submarine was towed back to port. The British submarine suffered 
significant damage to the propeller area in the rear, and the French 
craft was heavily damaged at the front.

http://www.wagingpeace.org/articles/1998/01/00_phillips_20-mishaps.htm